饮用水中氯化消毒副产物的控制研究进展

探讨了DBPs的形成机理及其种类,然后介绍了DBPs对人体的健康风险,并总结了目前国内外控制DBPs的方法,为饮用水高效安全消毒技术的进一步研究提出了意见和建议。     

饮用水消毒方式及影响因素探讨

对生活饮用水中常用的几种消毒方法进行了介绍,讨论了液氯、二氧化氯、氯胺和紫外线消毒工艺的原理、优点、缺点及影响因素,以指导相关人员合理选择消毒工艺,保障饮水安全。     

Removal of MS2, Qβ and GA bacteriophages during drinking water treatment at pilot scale

The removal of MS2, Qβ and GA, F-specific RNA bacteriophages, potential surrogates for pathogenic waterborne viruses, was investigated during a conventional drinking water treatment at pilot scale by using river water, artificially and independently spiked with these bacteriophages. The objective of this work is to develop a standard system for assessing the effectiveness of drinking water plants with respect to the removal of MS2, Qβ and GA bacteriophages by a conventional pre-treatment process (coagulation-flocculation-settling-sand filtration) followed or not by an ultrafiltration (UF) membrane (complete treatment process). The specific performances of three UF membranes alone were assessed by using (i) pre-treated water and (ii) 0.1 mM sterile phosphate buffer solution (PBS), spiked with bacteriophages. These UF membranes tested in this work were designed for drinking water treatment market and were also selected for research purpose.The hypothesis serving as base for this study was that the interfacial properties for these three bacteriophages, in terms of electrostatic charge and the degree of hydrophobicity, could induce variations in the removal performances achieved by drinking water treatments.The comparison of the results showed a similar behaviour for both MS2 and Qβ surrogates whereas it was particularly atypical for the GA surrogate. The infectious character of MS2 and Qβ bacteriophages was mostly removed after clarification followed by sand filtration processes (more than a 4.8-log reduction) while genomic copies were removed at more than a 4.0-log after the complete treatment process. On the contrary, GA bacteriophage was only slightly removed by clarification followed by sand filtration, with less than1.7-log and 1.2-log reduction, respectively. After the complete treatment process achieved, GA bacteriophage was removed with less than 2.2-log and 1.6-log reduction, respectively.The effectiveness of the three UF membranes tested in terms of bacteriophages removal showed significant differences, especially for GA bacteriophage. These results could provide recommendations for drinking water suppliers in terms of selection criteria for membranes.MS2 bacteriophage is widely used as a surrogate for pathogenic waterborne viruses in Europe and the United States. In this study, the choice of MS2 bacteriophage as the best surrogate to be used for assessment of the effectiveness of drinking water treatment in removal of pathogenic waterborne viruses in worst conditions is clearly challenged. It was shown that GA bacteriophage is potentially a better surrogate as a worst case than MS2. Considering GA bacteriophage as the best surrogate in this study, a chlorine disinfection step could guaranteed a complete removal of this model and ensure the safety character of drinking water plants.     

给水处理流程中各处理单元对有机物的去除效率——混凝、澄清、过滤、消毒过程对有机物的去除

该文就给水处理流程中各处理单元对有机物的去除规律进行总结和探讨,涉及混凝、澄清、过滤、消毒等水处理单元。文中介绍毎一处理单元的有机物去除率和去除特性,分折其规律,探讨提高去除率的途径,有助于解决水处理生产中的相关问题。     

雨水中病原微生物的控制技术

雨水已成为当今水环境污染的重要影响因素之一,同时它也是一种宝贵的可利用水资源,但是雨水中存在一定量不同种类的病原微生物,如不进行一定处理或处理方法不当,会对人体健康造成危害,迄今为止因雨水中病原微生物引发的环境问题及人类健康问题已有很多。当前对于雨水的污染控制研究往往局限于氮、磷、化学需氧量等常规指标,而对其中病原微生物去除的研究却很少涉及,专门针对雨水中病原微生物的控制技术则比较少。该文在介绍雨水中病原微生物的污染状况的基础上,阐述了美国最佳管理实践(BMPs)及过滤与消毒等技术在控制雨水中病原微生物方面的应用。     

J酸的合成及其在直接染料、活性染料中的应用

本文论述了J酸的合成方法,探讨了J酸制备过程中副产物γ酸的生成过程及其控制方法.根据《世界染料品种—2005》公开的染料品种结构,对于J酸及其衍生物在直接染料和活性染料中的使用情况做了分析.     

牦牛、藏系羊屠宰副产物系列产品的研制开发

目的 立足于青海省丰富的牦牛、藏系羊屠宰副产物资源, 研制开发牦牛、藏系羊屠宰副产物系列产品。方法 借鉴和结合国内外先进的肉品加工工艺和方法, 通过精制、调配、营养强化, 感官指标改进、稳定性试验等工艺过程进行研制。结果 得到牦牛、藏系羊屠宰副产物的熏制、腌制以及汤料等即食系列产品。结论 该类产品形式新颖, 携带方便, 功能属性明显, 食用安全卫生。     

硅藻土的分离及其负载氧化铁后光催化抗菌性能研究

采用饱和蔗糖溶液为溶剂,通过低速离心,可去除硅藻土中的杂质和破碎小颗粒,对其进行纯化分离。同时研究了不同煅烧温度对硅藻土比表面积和表面化学性质的影响。结果表明,600℃以下煅烧对硅藻土的比表面积影响甚小,800℃以上温度煅烧不仅明显降低其比表面积,而且可除去硅藻土表面羟基。当硅藻土表面负载上一定浓度的Fe2O3纳米颗粒后,其在可见光下的光催化抑菌率可达到96.2%。     

酵母发酵副产物与啤酒风味

啤酒生产中的副产物有高级醇、有机酸、联二酮、酯类、醛类等物质 ,其含量受酵母菌种、麦汁成分、工艺条件等因素的影响。高级醇赋予啤酒醇厚感、泡沫细腻 ,使啤酒丰满 ,但含量太高会破坏啤酒酒体及风味 ;在啤酒中有机酸含量为5.0×10-4～1.5×10-3。双乙酰在啤酒中含量高 ,阈值低 ,对啤酒风味影响很大。酯是啤酒香气的主要载体。乙醛是啤酒中含量最高的醛类 ,硫化物主要代表物是硫化氢和二甲基硫 ,对啤酒风味影响很大。(孙悟)